TITANIC
titanic is a 1997 American
epic romantic disaster film directed, written, co-produced, and co-edited by
James Cameron. A fictionalized account of the
sinking of the
RMS Titanic, it stars
Leonardo DiCaprio and
Kate Winslet as members of different
social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated
maiden voyage.
Cameron's inspiration for the film was predicated on his fascination with
shipwrecks;
he wanted to convey the emotional message of the tragedy, and felt that
a love story interspersed with the human loss would be essential to
achieving this. Production on the film began in 1995, when Cameron shot
footage of the actual
Titanic wreck. The modern scenes were shot on board the
Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, which Cameron had used as a base when filming the wreck. A reconstruction of the
Titanic was built at
Playas de Rosarito, Baja California, and
scale models and
computer-generated imagery were also used to recreate the sinking. The film was partially funded by
Paramount Pictures and
20th Century Fox, and, at the time, was the
most expensive film ever made, with an estimated budget of $200 million.
Upon its release on December 19, 1997, the film achieved critical and commercial success. Nominated for fourteen
Academy Awards, it won eleven, including the awards for
Best Picture and
Best Director, tying
Ben Hur
(1959) for most Oscars won by a single film. With an initial worldwide
gross of over $1.84 billion, it was the first film to reach the
billion-dollar mark. It remained the
highest-grossing film of all time for twelve years, until Cameron's 2009 film
Avatar surpassed its gross in 2010. A
3D version of the film, released on April 4, 2012 (often billed as
Titanic 3D), to commemorate the centenary of the sinking of the ship, earned it an additional $343 million worldwide, which pushed
Titanic's worldwide total to $2.18 billion. It became the second film to pass the two-billion mark (the first being
Avatar).
Plot
In 1996, treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team explore the wreck of RMS
Titanic, searching for a valuable diamond necklace called the
Heart of the Ocean.
They recover Caledon "Cal" Hockley's safe, believing the necklace to be
inside, but instead find a sketch of a nude woman wearing it, dated
April 14, 1912, the night the
Titanic sank. Hearing about the
drawing, an elderly woman named Rose Dawson Calvert calls Lovett and
claims that she is the woman depicted in the drawing. She and her
granddaughter, Lizzy Calvert, visit him and his team on his salvage
ship. When asked if she knows the whereabouts of the necklace, Rose
recalls her time aboard the
Titanic, revealing that she is Rose
DeWitt Bukater, a passenger believed to have died in the sinking. She
then begins her story as follows:
In 1912, 17-year-old first class passenger Rose boards "Titanic" in
Southampton
with her fiancé Cal and her mother Ruth DeWitt Bukater. Ruth stresses
the importance of Rose's engagement, as the marriage would solve the
DeWitt Bukaters' secret financial problems. Distraught by her
engagement, Rose considers suicide by jumping off the ship's stern; a
drifter and artist named Jack Dawson stops her. Discovered with Jack on
the stern, Rose tells Cal that she was looking over the ship's edge in
curiosity and that Jack saved her from falling. Pressed, Jack confirms
her account. Cal is at first aloof to Jack, but when Rose indicates that
recognition is due, he offers him a small amount of money. After Rose
mocks Cal for this, asking if her life means so little, he invites Jack
to a first-class dinner the following night. Jack and Rose develop a
tentative friendship, even though Cal and Ruth are wary of the young
third-class man. Following the dinner that night, Rose secretly joins
Jack at a party in the ship's third-class quarter.
Because Cal and Ruth forbid her to see Jack, Rose attempts to rebuff
Jack's continuing advances. She soon realizes, though, that she prefers
him over Cal, and meets him at the bow of the ship during what turns out
to be the
Titanic's
final moments of daylight. They then go to Rose's stateroom, where she
asks Jack to sketch her nude while wearing the Heart of the Ocean, Cal's
engagement present to her. Afterward, the two evade Cal's bodyguard and
make love inside a car in the ship's cargo hold. Going afterwards to
the ship's forward well deck, they witness the ship's collision with an
iceberg
and overhear the ship's officers and designer outline its seriousness.
Rose tells Jack that they should warn her mother and Cal.
Cal discovers Jack's drawing and a mocking note from Rose in his safe
along with the necklace. Furious, he has his bodyguard slip the
necklace into Jack's coat pocket. Accused of stealing it, Jack is
arrested, taken down to the
Master-at-arms's
office and handcuffed to a pipe. Cal puts the necklace in his coat.
Rose runs away from Cal and her mother (who has boarded a lifeboat) and
releases Jack. The ship then starts to launch flares in order to attract
any nearby ships.
Once Jack and Rose reach the deck, Cal and Jack persuade her to board
another lifeboat, Cal claiming that he has arranged for himself and
Jack to get off safely. After she boards, Cal tells Jack that the
arrangement is only for himself. As Rose's boat lowers, she realizes
that she cannot leave Jack, and jumps back on board the
Titanic
to reunite with him. Infuriated, Cal takes a pistol and chases them into
the flooding first-class dining saloon. After exhausting his
ammunition, Cal realizes to his chagrin that he gave his coat with the
diamond to Rose. With the situation now dire, he returns to the boat
deck and boards a lifeboat by pretending to look after a lost child.
Jack and Rose return to the top deck. All lifeboats have departed and
passengers are falling to their deaths as the stern rises out of the
water. The ship breaks in half, and the stern side rises 90-degrees into
the air. As it sinks, Jack and Rose ride the stern into the ocean. Jack
helps Rose onto a wall panel only able to support one person's weight.
Holding the panel's edge, he assures her she will die an old woman, warm
in her bed. Meanwhile, Fifth Officer Harold Lowe has commandeered a
lifeboat to search for survivors. Jack soon dies of
hypothermia and Rose draws the attention of Lowe's boat, and is ultimately saved.
Rose and the other survivors are taken by the
RMS Carpathia to New York, where Rose gives her name as Rose Dawson. She hides from Cal on
Carpathia's deck as he searches for her. She learns later that he committed suicide after losing his fortune in the
Wall Street Crash of 1929.
Her story complete, Rose goes alone to the stern of Lovett's ship.
There she takes out the Heart of the Ocean, which has been in her
possession all along, and drops it into the ocean. While seemingly
asleep in her bed, the photos on her dresser are a visual chronicle that
she lived a free life inspired by Jack. The young Rose is then seen
reuniting with Jack at
the Grand Staircase of the RMS Titanic, applauded and congratulated by those who perished on the ship.
Cast
Fictional characters
- Leonardo DiCaprio as Jack Dawson: Cameron said he needed the cast to feel as though they were really on the Titanic, relive its liveliness, and "to take that energy and give it to Jack, [...] an artist who is able to have his heart soar".[6] Jack is portrayed as a homeless, poor man from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin who has toured various parts of the world, primarily Paris. He wins two tickets onto the RMS Titanic
in a poker game and travels as a third-class passenger with his friend
Fabrizio. He is attracted to Rose at first sight and meets her when she
attempts to throw herself off the stern of the ship. This enables him to
mix with the first-class passengers for a night. When casting the role,
various established actors, including Matthew McConaughey, Chris O'Donnell, Billy Crudup and Stephen Dorff, were considered, but Cameron felt that a few of the actors were too old for the part of a 20-year-old.[7][8][9][10] "Tom Cruise expressed an interest in [portraying] the character, though his superstar asking price was never taken seriously."[8] Cameron considered Jared Leto for the role but he refused to audition.[11] DiCaprio, 22 years old at the time, was brought to Cameron's attention by casting director Mali Finn.[7] Initially, he did not want to portray the character, and refused to read his first romantic scene on the set (see below).
Cameron said, "He read it once, then started goofing around, and I
could never get him to focus on it again. But for one split second, a
shaft of light came down from the heavens and lit up the forest."
Cameron strongly believed in DiCaprio's acting ability, and told him,
"Look, I'm not going to make this guy brooding and neurotic. I'm not
going to give him a tic and a limp and all the things you want." Cameron
rather envisioned the character as a James Stewart type.[7]
- Kate Winslet
as Rose DeWitt Bukater: Cameron said Winslet "had the thing that you
look for" and that there was "a quality in her face, in her eyes," that
he "just knew people would be ready to go the distance with her".[6] Rose is a 17-year-old girl, originally from Philadelphia,
who is forced into an engagement to 30-year-old Cal Hockley so she and
her mother, Ruth, can maintain their high-class status after her
father's death had left the family debt-ridden. Rose boards the RMS Titanic
with Cal and Ruth, as a first-class passenger, and meets Jack. Winslet
said of her character, "She has got a lot to give, and she's got a very
open heart. And she wants to explore and adventure the world, but she
[feels] that's not going to happen."[6] Gwyneth Paltrow, Claire Danes, and Gabrielle Anwar had been considered for the role.[7][12][13]
When they turned it down, 22-year-old Winslet campaigned heavily for
the role. She sent Cameron daily notes from England, which led Cameron
to invite her to Hollywood for auditions. As with DiCaprio, casting
director Mali Finn originally brought her to Cameron's attention. When
looking for a Rose, Cameron described the character as "an Audrey Hepburn type" and was initially uncertain about casting Winslet even after her screen test impressed him.[7]
After she screen tested with DiCaprio, Winslet was so thoroughly
impressed with him, that she whispered to Cameron, "He's great. Even if
you don't pick me, pick him." Winslet sent Cameron a single rose with a
card signed "From Your Rose" and lobbied him by phone. "You don't
understand!" she pleaded one day when she reached him by mobile phone in
his Humvee. "I am Rose! I don't know why you're even seeing anyone
else!" Her persistence, as well as her talent, eventually convinced him
to cast her in the role.[7]
- Billy Zane
as Caledon Nathan "Cal" Hockley: Cal is Rose's 30-year-old fiancé. He
is arrogant and snobbish, and the heir to a steel fortune in Pittsburgh.
He becomes increasingly embarrassed, jealous, and cruel about Rose's
relationship with Jack. He later commits suicide after losing his
fortune in the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The part was originally offered to Matthew McConaughey.[8]
- Frances Fisher
as Ruth DeWitt Bukater: Rose's widowed mother, who arranges her
daughter's engagement to Cal to maintain her family's high-society
status. She loves her daughter but believes that social position is more
important. She scorns Jack, even though he saved her daughter's life.
- Gloria Stuart as Rose Dawson Calvert: Rose narrates the film in a modern-day framing device.
Cameron stated, "In order to see the present and the past, I decided to
create a fictional survivor who is [close to] 101 years, and she
connects us in a way through history."[6]
The 100-year-old Rose gives Lovett information regarding the "Heart of
the Ocean" after he discovers a nude drawing of her in the wreck. She
tells the story of her time aboard the ship, mentioning Jack for the
first time since the sinking. At 87, Stuart had to be made up to look
older for the role.[8]
Of casting Stuart, Cameron stated, "My casting director found her. She
was sent out on a mission to find retired actresses from the Golden Age of the thirties and forties."[14] Cameron said that he did not know who Stuart was, and Fay Wray
was also considered for the role. "But [Stuart] was just so into it,
and so lucid, and had such a great spirit. And I saw the connection
between her spirit and [Winslet's] spirit," stated Cameron. "I saw this joie de vivre in both of them, that I thought the audience would be able to make that cognitive leap that it's the same person."[14] Winslet and Stuart stated their belief that the character dies at the end of the film,[16] while Cameron states in his DVD commentary that he prefers to leave the viewers to form their own interpretation of the ending.[17] Stuart died on September 26, 2010, at age 100, approximately the same age elder Rose was in the film.[18]
- Bill Paxton as Brock Lovett: A treasure hunter looking for the "Heart of the Ocean" in the wreck of the Titanic
in the present. Time and funding for his expedition are running out. He
later reflects at the film's conclusion that, despite thinking about Titanic for three years, he has never understood it until he hears Rose's story.
- Suzy Amis as Lizzy Calvert: Rose's granddaughter, who accompanies her when she visits Lovett on the ship.
- Danny Nucci as Fabrizio De Rossi: Jack's Italian best friend, who boards the RMS Titanic with him after Jack wins two tickets in a poker game. Fabrizio does not board a lifeboat when the Titanic sinks and is killed when one of the ship's funnels breaks and crashes into the water.
- David Warner as Spicer Lovejoy: An ex-Pinkerton
constable, Lovejoy is Cal's English valet and bodyguard, who keeps an
eye on Rose and is suspicious about the circumstances surrounding Jack's
rescue of her. He dies when the Titanic splits in half, causing him to fall into a massive opening.
- Jason Barry
as Thomas "Tommy" Ryan: An Irish third-class passenger who befriends
Jack and Fabrizio. Tommy is killed when he is accidentally pushed
forward and shot by a panicked First Officer Murdoch.
Historical characters
Although not - and not intended to be - an entirely historically accurate depiction of events,
[19] the film does include dramatisations of various historical characters:
- Kathy Bates as Margaret "Molly" Brown:
Brown is looked down on upon by other first-class women, including
Ruth, as "vulgar" and "new money" due to her sudden wealth. She is
friendly to Jack and lends him a dinner jacket (bought for her son) when
he is invited to dinner in the first-class dining saloon. Although
Brown was a real person, Cameron chose not to portray her real-life
actions. Molly Brown was dubbed "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" by
historians because she, with the support of other women, commandeered Lifeboat 6 from Quartermaster Hichens.[20] Some aspects of this altercation are portrayed in Cameron's film.
- Victor Garber as Thomas Andrews:
The ship's builder, Andrews is portrayed as a very kind and pleasant
man who is modest about his grand achievement. After the collision, he
tries to convince the others, particularly Ismay, that it is a
"mathematical certainty" that the ship will sink. He is depicted during
the sinking of the ship as standing next to the clock in the first-class
smoking room, lamenting his failure to build a strong and safe ship.
- Bernard Hill as Captain Edward John Smith: Smith planned to make the Titanic his final voyage before retiring. He retreats into the bridge
as the ship sinks, dying when water bursts through the windows whilst
he clings to the ship's wheel. It is often disputed whether he died this
way or later froze to death, as he was reported seen near the
overturned Collapsible B.[21]
- Jonathan Hyde as Joseph Bruce Ismay: Ismay is portrayed as a rich, ignorant upper-class man. In the film, he uses his position as White Star Line
managing director to influence Captain Smith to go faster with the
prospect of an earlier arrival in New York and favorable press
attention; while this action appears in popular portrayals of the
disaster, it is unsupported by evidence.[22][23]
After the collision, he struggles to comprehend that his "unsinkable"
ship is doomed, later sneaking on board a lifeboat to escape.
- Eric Braeden as John Jacob Astor IV: A first-class passenger whom Rose calls the richest man on the ship. The film depicts Astor and his 18-year-old wife Madeleine
as being introduced to Jack by Rose in the first-class dining saloon.
During the introduction, Astor asks if Jack is connected to the 'Boston
Dawsons', a question Jack neatly deflects by saying that he is instead
affiliated with the Chippewa Falls
Dawsons. Astor is last seen as the Grand Staircase glass dome implodes
and water surges in. In reality, Astor died after being crushed when one
of the ship's funnels collapsed.[24]
- Bernard Fox as Colonel Archibald Gracie IV:
The film depicts Gracie making a comment to Cal that "women and
machinery don't mix", and congratulating Jack for saving Rose from
falling off the ship, though he is unaware that it was a suicide
attempt. Fox also portrayed lookout Frederick Fleet in the 1958 film A Night to Remember.
- Michael Ensign as Benjamin Guggenheim:
A mining magnate traveling in first-class. He shows off his French
mistress Madame Aubert to his fellow passengers while his family waits
for him at home. When Jack joins the other first-class passengers for
dinner after his rescue of Rose, Guggenheim refers to him as a
"bohemian".
- Jonathan Evans-Jones as Wallace Hartley:
The ship's bandmaster and violinist who plays uplifting music with his
colleagues on the boat deck as the ship sinks. As the final plunge
begins, he leads the band in a final performance of Nearer, My God, to Thee, to the tune of Bethany,[25][26] and dies in the sinking.
- Ewan Stewart as First Officer William Murdoch:
The officer who is put in charge of the bridge on the night the ship
struck the iceberg. During a rush for the lifeboats, Murdoch shoots
Tommy Ryan as well as another passenger in a momentary panic, then
commits suicide out of guilt, a fictional account that was met with
criticism. When Murdoch's nephew Scott saw the film, he objected to his
uncle's portrayal as damaging to Murdoch's heroic reputation.[27] A few months later, Fox vice-president Scott Neeson went to Dalbeattie, Scotland,
where Murdoch lived, to deliver a personal apology, and also presented a
£5000 donation to Dalbeattie High School to boost the school's William
Murdoch Memorial Prize.[28] Cameron apologized on the DVD commentary, but noted that there were officers who fired gunshots to enforce the "women and children first" policy.
- Jonathan Phillips as Second Officer Charles Lightoller.
The film depicts Lightoller telling Captain Smith that it will be
difficult to see icebergs with no breaking water. He is seen brandishing
a gun and threatening to use it to keep order. He can be seen on top of
Collapsible B when the first funnel collapses. Lightoller was the most
senior officer to survive the disaster.
- Mark Lindsay Chapman as Chief Officer Henry Wilde:
The ship's chief officer, who lets Cal on board a lifeboat because he
has a child in his arms. Before he dies, he tries to get the boats to
return to the sinking site to rescue passengers by blowing his whistle.
After he freezes to death, Rose uses his whistle to attract the
attention of Fifth Officer Lowe, which leads to her rescue.
- Edward Fletcher as Sixth Officer James Moody:
The ship's only junior officer who died in the sinking. The film
depicts Moody admitting Jack and Fabrizio onto the ship only moments
before it departs from Southampton. Moody is later shown following Mr. Murdoch's orders to put the ship to full speed ahead, and informs First Officer Murdoch about the iceberg.
- James Lancaster as Father Thomas Byles: Father Byles, a Catholic priest from England, is portrayed praying and consoling passengers during the ship's final moments.
- Lew Palter and Elsa Raven as Isidor Straus and Ida Straus:
Isidor is a former owner of R.H. Macy and Company, a former congressman
from New York, and a member of the New York and New Jersey Bridge
Commission. During the sinking, his wife Ida is offered a place in a
lifeboat, but refuses, saying that she will honor her wedding pledge by
staying with Isidor. They are last seen lying on their bed embracing
each other as water fills their stateroom.
- Martin Jarvis as Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon:
A Scottish baronet who is rescued in Lifeboat 1. Duff-Gordon's conduct
was much criticized in the years after the disaster. He and his wife
were among only 12 people in Lifeboat #1, whose capacity was 40. It was
suggested that he had boarded the emergency boat in violation of the
"women and children first" policy, that the boat had failed to return to
rescue those struggling in the water, and that his offer of five pounds
to each of the lifeboat's crew might be viewed as a bribe to keep their
distance from those still in the water. The Duff-Gordons at the time
(and his wife's secretary in a letter written at the time and
rediscovered in 2007) stated that there had been no women or children
waiting to board in the vicinity of the launching of their boat, and
there is confirmation that lifeboat 1 of the Titanic was almost empty
and that First Officer William Murdoch was apparently glad to offer
Duff-Gordon and his wife and her secretary a place (simply to fill it)
after they had asked if they could get on. Duff-Gordon denied that his
offer of money to the lifeboat crew represented a bribe. The British Board of Trade's inquiry into the disaster
accepted Duff-Gordon's denial of bribing the crew, but maintained that,
if the emergency boat had rowed towards the people who were in the
water, it might very well have been able to rescue some of them.[30][31]
- Rosalind Ayres as Lady Duff-Gordon:
A world-famous fashion designer and Sir Cosmo's wife. She is rescued in
Lifeboat 1 with her husband. She and her husband never lived down
rumors that they had forbidden the lifeboat's crew to return to the
wreck site in case they would be swamped.[32][33][34]
- Rochelle Rose as Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes:
The Countess is shown to be friendly with Cal and the DeWitt Bukaters.
Despite being of a higher status in society than Sir Cosmo and Lady
Duff-Gordon, she is kind, and helps row the boat and even looks after
the steerage passengers.
- Scott G. Anderson as Frederick Fleet: The lookout who saw the iceberg. Fleet escapes the sinking ship aboard Lifeboat 6.
- Paul Brightwell as Quartermaster Robert Hichens: One of the ship's six quartermasters and at the ship's wheel at the time of collision. He is in charge of lifeboat 6. He refuses to go back and pick up survivors after the sinking and eventually the boat is commandeered by Molly Brown.
- Gregory Cooke as Jack Phillips: Senior wireless operator on board the Titanic whom Captain Smith ordered to send the distress signal.
- Liam Tuohy as Chief Baker Charles Joughin:
The baker appears in the film on top of the railing with Jack and Rose
as the ship sinks, drinking brandy from a flask. According to the real
Joughin's testimony he rode the ship down and stepped into the water
without getting his hair wet. He also admitted to hardly feeling the
cold, most likely thanks to alcohol.[35]
- Terry Forrestal
as Chief Engineer Joseph G. Bell: Bell and his men worked until the
last minute to keep the lights and the power on in order for distress
signals to get out. Bell and all of the engineers died in the bowels of
the Titanic.
Cameos
Several crew members of the
Akademik Mstislav Keldysh appear in the film, including
Anatoly Sagalevich, creator and pilot of the
Mir Deep Submergence Vehicle.
[36] Anders Falk, who filmed a documentary about the film's sets for the
Titanic Historical Society,
cameoes in the film as a Swedish immigrant whom Jack Dawson meets when
he enters his cabin. Ed and Karen Kamuda, then President and Vice
President of the Society, were extras in the film.
[37] James Cameron and
Barry Dennen also cameo as praying men.
Greg Ellis and
Oliver Page both play cameo parts as a Carpathia Steward and Steward Barnes respectively.
The boat seen alongside
Titanic is the
SS Nomadic,
Titanic's tender ship which survives to this day.
Pre-production
Writing and inspiration
| "The story could not have been written
better...The juxtaposition of rich and poor, the gender roles played out
unto death (women first), the stoicism and nobility of a bygone age,
the magnificence of the great ship matched in scale only by the folly of
the men who drove her hell-bent through the darkness. And above all the
lesson: that life is uncertain, the future unknowable...the unthinkable
possible." |
| — James Cameron[38] |
James Cameron had a fascination with shipwrecks, and, for him, the RMS
Titanic was "the
Mount Everest of shipwrecks."
[39][40][41]
He was almost past the point in his life when he felt he could consider
an undersea expedition, but said he still had "a mental restlessness"
to live the life he had turned away from when he switched from the
sciences to the arts in college. So when an
IMAX
film was made from footage shot of the wreck itself, he decided to seek
Hollywood funding to "pay for an expedition and do the same thing." It
was "not because I particularly wanted to make the movie," Cameron said.
"I wanted to dive to the shipwreck."
[39]
Cameron wrote a
scriptment for a
Titanic film,
[42] met with
20th Century Fox executives including
Peter Chernin, and pitched it as "
Romeo and Juliet on the
Titanic".
[40][41]
Cameron stated, "They were like, 'Oooooohkaaaaaay – a three-hour
romantic epic? Sure, that's just what we want. Is there a little bit of
Terminator in that? Any
Harrier jets, shoot-outs, or car chases?' I said, 'No, no, no. It's not like that.'"
[7]
The studio was dubious about the idea's commercial prospects, but,
hoping for a long term relationship with Cameron, they gave him a
greenlight.
[7][8][14]
Cameron convinced Fox to promote the film based on the publicity afforded by shooting the
Titanic wreck itself,
[42] and organized several dives to the site over a period of two years.
[38]
"My pitch on that had to be a little more detailed," said Cameron. "So I
said, 'Look, we've got to do this whole opening where they're exploring
the
Titanic and they find the diamond, so we're going to have
all these shots of the ship." Cameron stated, "Now, we can either do
them with elaborate models and motion control shots and
CG
and all that, which will cost X amount of money – or we can spend X
plus 30 per cent and actually go shoot it at the real wreck."
[40]
The crew shot at the real wreck in the Atlantic Ocean eleven times in
1995 and actually spent more time with the ship than its passengers. At
that depth, with a water pressure of 6,000 pounds per square inch, "one
small flaw in the vessel's superstructure would mean instant death for
all on board." Not only were the dives high-risk, but adverse conditions
prevented Cameron from getting the high quality footage that he wanted.
[8] During one dive, one of the submersibles collided with
Titanic's
hull, damaging both sub and ship and leaving fragments of the
submersible's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure. The
external bulkhead of Captain Smith's quarters collapsed, exposing the
interior. The area around the entrance to the Grand Staircase was also
damaged.
[43]
Descending to the actual site made both Cameron and crew want "to
live up to that level of reality.... But there was another level of
reaction coming away from the real wreck, which was that it wasn't just a
story, it wasn't just a drama," he said. "It was an event that happened
to real people who really died. Working around the wreck for so much
time, you get such a strong sense of the profound sadness and injustice
of it, and the message of it." Cameron stated, "You think, 'There
probably aren't going to be many filmmakers who go to
Titanic.
There may never be another one – maybe a documentarian." Due to this, he
felt "a great mantle of responsibility to convey the emotional message
of it – to do that part of it right, too".
[14]
After filming the underwater shots, Cameron began writing the screenplay.
[42] He wanted to honor the people who died during the sinking, so he spent six months researching all of the
Titanic's crew and passengers.
[38]
"I read everything I could. I created an extremely detailed timeline of
the ship's few days and a very detailed timeline of the last night of
its life," he said.
[40]
"And I worked within that to write the script, and I got some
historical experts to analyze what I'd written and comment on it, and I
adjusted it."
[40] He paid meticulous attention to detail, even including a scene depicting the
Californian's role in
Titanic's demise, though this was later cut
(see below).
From the beginning of the shoot, they had "a very clear picture" of
what happened on the ship that night. "I had a library that filled one
whole wall of my writing office with "
Titanic stuff," because I
wanted it to be right, especially if we were going to dive to the ship,"
he said. "That set the bar higher in a way – it elevated the movie in a
sense. We wanted this to be a definitive visualization of this moment
in history as if you'd gone back in a time machine and shot it."
[40]
Cameron felt the
Titanic sinking was "like a great novel that really happened", yet the event had become a mere
morality tale; the film would give audiences the experience of living the history.
[38] The treasure hunter Brock Lovett represented those who never connected with the human element of the tragedy,
[36]
while the blossoming romance of Jack and Rose, he believed, would be
the most engaging part of the story: when their love is finally
destroyed, the audience would mourn the loss.
[38] "All my films are love stories," Cameron said, "but in
Titanic I finally got the balance right. It's not a disaster film. It's a love story with a fastidious overlay of real history."
[14] Cameron then framed the romance with the elderly Rose to make the intervening years palpable and poignant.
[38] For him, the end of the film leaves open the question if the elderly Rose was in a conscious dream or had died in her sleep.
[17]
Scale modeling
The reconstruction of the RMS
Titanic. The blueprints were
supplied by the original ship's builder and Cameron tried to make the
ship as detailed and accurate as possible.
[44]
Harland and Wolff, the RMS
Titanic's
builders, opened their private archives to the crew, sharing blueprints
that were thought lost. For the ship's interiors, production designer
Peter Lamont's team looked for artifacts from the era. The newness of the ship meant every prop had to be made from scratch.
[44] Fox acquired 40 acres of waterfront south of
Playas de Rosarito in
Mexico, and began building a new studio on May 31, 1996. A
horizon tank
of seventeen million gallons was built for the exterior of the
reconstructed ship, providing 270 degrees of ocean view. The ship was
built to full scale, but Lamont removed redundant sections on the
superstructure
and forward well deck for the ship to fit in the tank, with the
remaining sections filled with digital models. The lifeboats and funnels
were shrunk by ten percent. The boat deck and A-deck were working sets,
but the rest of the ship was just steel plating. Within was a
fifty-foot lifting platform for the ship to tilt during the sinking
sequences. Towering above was a 162 feet (49 m) tall tower crane on 600
feet (180 m) of
rail track, acting as a combined construction, lighting, and camera platform.
[36]
The sets representing the interior rooms of the
Titanic were reproduced exactly as originally built, using photographs and plans from the
Titanic's
builders. "The liner's first class staircase, which figures prominently
in the script was constructed out of real wood and actually destroyed
in the filming of the sinking." The rooms, the carpeting, design and
colors, individual pieces of furniture, decorations, chairs, wall
paneling, cutlery and crockery with the
White Star Line
crest on each piece, completed ceilings, and costumes were among the
designs true to the originals. Cameron additionally hired two
Titanic historians,
Don Lynch and
Ken Marschall, to authenticate the historical detail in the film.
[8]
Production
The modern day scenes of the expedition were shot on the
Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in July 1996.
[36] Principal photography for
Titanic began in September 1996 at the newly-built Fox Baja Studios.
[36] The
poop deck was built on a hinge which could rise from zero to ninety degrees in a few seconds as the ship's stern rose during the sinking.
[45] For the safety of the stuntmen, many props were made of foam rubber.
[46] By November 15, the boarding scenes were being shot.
[45] Cameron chose to build his RMS
Titanic on the
starboard
side as a study of weather data showed prevailing north-to-south wind
which blew the funnel smoke aft. This posed a problem for shooting the
ship's departure from
Southampton, as it was docked on its
port
side. Any writing on props and costumes had to be reversed, and if
someone walked to their right in the script, they had to walk left
during shooting. In post-production, the film was flipped to the correct
direction.
[47]
A full-time etiquette coach was hired to instruct the cast on the manners of the upper class gentility in 1912.
[8] Despite this, several critics picked up on anachronisms in the film, not least involving the two main stars.
[48][49][50]
Close-up shot of Cameron's nude Rose sketch with the "
Heart of the Ocean". The nude scene was one of the first scenes shot as the main set was not yet ready.
[14]
Cameron sketched Jack's nude portrait of Rose for a scene which he feels has the backdrop of repression.
[7] "You know what it means for her, the freedom she must be feeling. It's kind of exhilarating for that reason," he said.
[14]
The nude scene was DiCaprio and Winslet's first scene together. "It
wasn't by any kind of design, although I couldn't have designed it
better. There's a nervousness and an energy and a hesitance in them,"
Cameron stated. "They had rehearsed together, but they hadn't shot
anything together. If I'd had a choice, I probably would have preferred
to put it deeper into the body of the shoot." He said he and his crew
"were just trying to find things to shoot" because the big set was not
yet ready. "It wasn't ready for months, so we were scrambling around
trying to fill in anything we could get to shoot." After seeing the
scene on film, Cameron felt it worked out considerably well.
[14]
However, other times on the set were not as smooth. The shoot was an
arduous experience that "cemented Cameron's formidable reputation as
'the scariest man in Hollywood'. He became known as an uncompromising,
hard-charging perfectionist" and a "300-decibel screamer, a modern-day
Captain Bligh with a megaphone and walkie-talkie, swooping down into people's faces on a 162ft crane".
[51]
Winslet chipped a bone in her elbow during filming, and had been
worried that she would drown in the 17m-gallon water tank the ship was
to be sunk in. "There were times when I was genuinely frightened of him.
Jim has a temper like you wouldn't believe," she said.
[51] "'God damn it!' he would yell at some poor crew member, 'that's exactly what I didn't want!'"
[51] Her co-star,
Bill Paxton,
was familiar with Cameron's work ethic from his earlier experience with
him. "There were a lot of people on the set. Jim is not one of those
guys who has the time to win hearts and minds," he said.
[51] The crew felt that Cameron had an evil alter ego, and nicknamed him "Mij" (Jim spelt backwards).
[51] In response to the criticism, Cameron stated, "Film-making is war. A great battle between business and aesthetics."
[51]
During shooting on the
Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, an angry crew member put the
dissociative drug PCP into the soup that Cameron and various others ate one night, which sent more than 50 people to the hospital.
[7]
"There were people just rolling around, completely out of it. Some of
them said they were seeing streaks and psychedelics," said actor Lewis
Abernathy.
[7]
Cameron managed to vomit before the drug took a full hold. Abernathy
was shocked at the way he looked. "One eye was completely red, like the
Terminator eye. A pupil, no iris, beet red. The other eye looked like he'd been sniffing glue since he was four."
[7][51] The person behind the poisoning was never caught.
[52]
The filming schedule was intended to last 138 days but grew to 160.
Many cast members came down with colds, flu, or kidney infections after
spending hours in cold water, including Winslet. In the end, she decided
she would not work with Cameron again unless she earned "a lot of
money".
[52] Several others left and three stuntmen broke their bones, but the
Screen Actors Guild decided, following an investigation, that nothing was inherently unsafe about the set.
[52] Additionally, DiCaprio said there was no point when he felt he was in danger during filming.
[53] Cameron believed in a passionate work ethic and never apologized for the way he ran his sets, although he acknowledged:
I'm demanding, and I'm demanding on my crew. In terms of being kind
of militaresque, I think there's an element of that in dealing with
thousands of extras and big logistics and keeping people safe. I think
you have to have a fairly strict methodology in dealing with a large
number of people.[52]
The costs of filming
Titanic eventually began to mount, and finally reached $200 million.
[2][3][4]
Fox executives panicked, and suggested an hour of specific cuts from
the three-hour film. They argued the extended length would mean fewer
showings, thus less money even though long epics are more likely to help
directors win
Oscars.
Cameron refused, telling Fox, "You want to cut my movie? You're going
to have to fire me! You want to fire me? You're going to have to kill
me!" he said.
[7]
The executives did not want to start over, because it would mean the
loss of their entire investment, but they also initially rejected
Cameron's offer of forfeiting his share of the profits as an empty
gesture; they felt that profits would be unlikely.
[7] Cameron explained forfeiting his share as complex. "...the short version is that the film cost proportionally much more than
T2 and
True Lies. Those films went up seven or eight percent from the initial budget.
Titanic
also had a large budget to begin with, but it went up a lot more," said
Cameron. "As the producer and director, I take responsibility for the
studio that's writing the checks, so I made it less painful for them. I
did that on two different occasions. They didn't force me to do it; they
were glad that I did."
[14]
Post-production
Effects
Cameron wanted to push the boundary of special effects with his film, and enlisted
Digital Domain to continue the developments in digital technology which the director pioneered while working on
The Abyss and
Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Many previous films about the RMS
Titanic shot water in
slow motion, which did not look wholly convincing.
[54] He encouraged them to shoot their 45-foot (14 m) long
miniature of the ship as if "we're making a commercial for the White Star Line".
[55] Afterwards, digital water and smoke were added, as were extras captured on a
motion capture
stage. Visual effects supervisor Rob Legato scanned the faces of many
actors, including himself and his children, for the digital extras and
stuntmen. There was also a 65-foot (20 m) long model of the ship's stern
that could break in two repeatedly, the only miniature to be used in
water.
[54] For scenes set in the ship's engines, footage of the
SS Jeremiah O'Brien's engines were composited with miniature support frames and actors shot against a
greenscreen.
[56] In order to save money, the first class lounge was a miniature set incorporated into a greenscreen backdrop.
[57]
Unlike previous
Titanic films, Cameron's retelling of the
disaster showed the ship breaking into two pieces before sinking
entirely. The scenes were an account of the moment's most likely
outcome. Cameron's film was the second
Titanic film to show the ship breaking in half after the 1996 television movie
Titanic.
An enclosed 5,000,000 US gallons (19,000,000 l) tank was used for
sinking interiors, in which the entire set could be tilted into the
water. In order to sink the Grand Staircase, 90,000 US gallons
(340,000 l) of water were dumped into the set as it was lowered into the
tank. Unexpectedly, the waterfall ripped the staircase from its
steel-reinforced foundations, although no one was hurt. The 744-foot
(227 m) long exterior of the RMS
Titanic had its first half lowered into the tank, but being the heaviest part of the ship meant it acted as a
shock absorber
against the water; to get the set into the water, Cameron had much of
the set emptied and even smashed some of the promenade windows himself.
After submerging the dining saloon, three days were spent shooting
Lovett's
ROV traversing the wreck in the present.
[36] The post-sinking scenes in the freezing Atlantic were shot in a 350,000 US gallons (1,300,000 l) tank,
[58]
where the frozen corpses were created by applying a powder on actors
that crystallized when exposed to water, and wax was coated on hair and
clothes.
[44]
The climactic scene, which features the breakup of the ship directly
before it sinks, as well as its final plunge to the bottom of the
Atlantic, involved a tilting full-sized set, 150 extras and 100 stunt
performers. Cameron criticized previous
Titanic films for
depicting the final plunge of the liner as sliding gracefully
underwater. He "wanted to depict it as the terrifyingly chaotic event
that it really was".
[8]
When carrying out the sequence, people needed to fall off the
increasingly tilting deck, plunging hundreds of feet below and bouncing
off of railings and propellers on the way down. A few attempts to film
this sequence with stunt people resulted in some minor injuries and
Cameron halted the more dangerous stunts. The risks were eventually
minimized "by using computer generated people for the dangerous falls".
[8]
Editing
There was one "crucial historical fact" Cameron chose to omit from the film – the ship that was close to the
Titanic, but had turned off its radio for the night and did not hear their
SOS calls. "Yes, the [SS]
Californian.
That wasn't a compromise to mainstream filmmaking. That was really more
about emphasis, creating an emotional truth to the film," stated
Cameron. He said there were aspects of retelling the sinking that seemed
important in pre and post-production, but turned out to be less
important as the film evolved. "The story of the
Californian was
in there; we even shot a scene of them switching off their Marconi radio
set," said Cameron. "But I took it out. It was a clean cut, because it
focuses you back onto that world. If
Titanic is powerful as a metaphor, as a microcosm, for the end of the world in a sense, then that world must be self-contained."
[14]
During the first assembly cut, Cameron altered the planned ending,
which had given resolution to Brock Lovett's story. In the original
version of the ending, Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern
of the boat, and fear she is going to commit
suicide.
Rose then reveals that she had the "Heart of the Ocean" diamond all
along, but never sold it, in order to live on her own without Cal's
money. She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond
into the ocean, after allowing him to hold it. After accepting that
treasure is worthless, Brock laughs at his stupidity. Rose then goes
back to her cabin to sleep, whereupon the film ends in the same way as
the final version. In the editing room, Cameron decided that by this
point, the audience would no longer be interested in Brock Lovett and
cut the resolution to his story, so that Rose is alone when she drops
the diamond. He also did not want to disrupt the audience's melancholy
after the
Titanic's sinking.
[59]
The version used for the first
test screening
featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack
and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon, but the test audiences
disliked it. The scene was written to give the film more suspense, and featured Cal (falsely) offering to give Lovejoy, his valet, the "
Heart of the Ocean"
if he can get it from Jack and Rose. Lovejoy goes after the pair in the
sinking first class dining room. Just as they are about to escape him,
Lovejoy notices Rose's hand slap the water as it slips off the table
behind which she is hiding. In revenge for framing him for the "theft"
of the necklace, Jack attacks him and smashes his head against a glass
window, which explains the gash on Lovejoy's head that can be seen when
he dies in the completed version of the film. In their reactions to the
scene, test audiences said it would be unrealistic to risk one's life
for wealth, and Cameron cut it for this reason, as well as for timing
and pacing reasons. Many other scenes were cut for similar reasons.
Music and soundtrack
The soundtrack album for
Titanic was composed by
James Horner. For the vocals heard throughout the film, subsequently described by Earle Hitchner of
The Wall Street Journal as "evocative", Horner chose Norwegian singer
Sissel Kyrkjebø,
mononymously known as "Sissel". Horner knew Sissel from her album
Innerst I Sjelen, and he particularly liked how she sang "
Eg veit i himmerik ei borg"
("I Know in Heaven There Is a Castle"). He had tried twenty-five or
thirty singers before he finally chose Sissel as the voice to create
specific moods within the film.
[61]
Horner additionally wrote the song "
My Heart Will Go On" in secret with
Will Jennings because Cameron did not want any songs with singing in the film.
[62] Céline Dion agreed to record a demo with the persuasion of her husband
René Angélil.
Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before
presenting him with the song. After playing it several times, Cameron
declared his approval, although worried that he would have been
criticized for "going commercial at the end of the movie".
[62]
Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and "saw that a
hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing
its completion".
[8]
Release
Initial screening
20th Century Fox and
Paramount Pictures co-financed
Titanic,
with Paramount handling the North American distribution and Fox
handling the international release. They expected Cameron to complete
the film for a release on July 2, 1997. The film was to be released on
this date "in order to exploit the lucrative summer season ticket sales
when blockbuster films usually do better".
[8]
In April, Cameron said the film's special effects were too complicated
and that releasing the film for summer would not be possible.
[8] With production delays, Paramount pushed back the release date to December 19, 1997.
[63] "This fueled speculation that the film itself was a disaster." However, a preview screening in
Minneapolis on July 14 "generated positive reviews" and "[c]hatter on the internet was responsible for more favorable
word of mouth about the [film]". This eventually led to more positive media coverage.
[8]
The film premiered on November 1, 1997, at the
Tokyo International Film Festival,
[64] where reaction was described as "
tepid" by
The New York Times.
[65] However, positive reviews started to appear back in the United States; the official
Hollywood
premiere occurred on December 14, 1997, where "the big movie stars who
attended the opening were enthusiastically gushing about the film to the
world media".
[8]
Box office
Including revenue from the 2012 reissue,
Titanic earned $658,672,302 in North America and $1,526,700,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $2,185,372,302.
[5] It became the
highest-grossing film of all time worldwide in 1998, and remained so for twelve years, until
Avatar, also written and directed by Cameron, surpassed it in 2010.
[66] On March 1, 1998,
[67] it became the first film to earn more than $1 billion worldwide,
[68] and on the weekend April 13–15, 2012—a century after the original vessel's foundering—
Titanic became the second film to cross the $2 billion threshold during its 3D re-release.
[69] Box Office Mojo estimates that
Titanic is
the fifth highest-grossing film of all time in North America when adjusting for ticket price
inflation.
[70]
Initial theatrical run
The film received steady attendance after opening in North America on
Friday, December 19, 1997. By the end of that same weekend, theaters
were beginning to sell out. The film earned $8,658,814 on its opening
day and $28,638,131 over the opening weekend from 2,674 theaters,
averaging to about $10,710 per venue, and ranking number one at the box
office, ahead of the eighteenth James Bond film,
Tomorrow Never Dies. By New Year's Day,
Titanic
had made over $120 million, had increased in popularity and theaters
continued to sell out. Its biggest single day took place on Saturday,
February 14 (
Valentine's Day), 1998, making $13,048,711, more than six weeks after it debuted in North America.
[71][72] It stayed at number one for fifteen consecutive weeks in North America, which remains a record for any film.
[73]
The film stayed in theaters in North America for almost ten months,
before finally closing on Thursday, October 1, 1998 with a final
domestic gross of $600,788,188.
[74] Outside North America, the film made double its North American gross, generating $1,242,413,080
[75] and accumulating a grand total of $1,843,201,268 worldwide from its initial theatrical run.
[76]
Commercial analysis
Before its release, various film critics predicted the film would be a
significant disappointment at the box office, especially due to it being the most expensive film ever made at the time.
[51][77][78][79]
When it was shown to the press in autumn of 1997, "it was with massive
forebodings" since the "people in charge of the screenings believed they
were on the verge of losing their jobs – because of this great
albatross of a picture on which, finally, two studios had to combine to share the great load of its making".
[78] Cameron also thought he was "headed for disaster" at one point during filming. "We labored the last six months on
Titanic in the absolute knowledge that the studio would lose $100m. It was a certainty," he stated.
[51]
As the film neared release, "particular venom was spat at Cameron for
what was seen as his hubris and monumental extravagance". A film critic
for the
Los Angeles Times
wrote that "Cameron's overweening pride has come close to capsizing
this project" and that the film was "a hackneyed, completely derivative
copy of old Hollywood romances".
[51]
| "It's hard to forget the director on the stage of the Shrine Auditorium
in LA, exultant, pumping a golden Oscar statuette into the air and
shouting: 'I'm the king of the world!' As everyone knew, that was the
most famous line in Titanic, exclaimed by Leonardo DiCaprio's
character as he leaned into the wind on the prow of the doomed vessel.
Cameron's incantation of the line was a giant 'eff off', in front of a
television audience approaching a billion, to all the naysayers,
especially those sitting right in front of him." |
| — Christopher Goodwin of The Times on Cameron's response to Titanic's criticism[51] |
When the film became a success, with an unprecedented box office
performance, it was credited as "the love story [that] stole the world's
hearts".
[77]
"The first batch of people to see it [were] gob smacked by the sheer
scale and intimacy of the production. They emerged from the cinema, tear
stained and emotionally flabbergasted."
[79] The film was playing on 3,200 screens a full ten weeks after it opened,
[78]
and out of its fifteen straight weeks on top of the charts, jumped 43%
in total sales in its ninth week of release. It earned over $20 million a
week for ten weeks,
[80] and after fourteen weeks into its run, it was still bringing in more than $1m a week.
[78] Although teenage girls, as well as young women in general, who would see the film several times and subsequently caused "
Leo-Mania", were often credited with having primarily propelled the film to its all-time box office record,
[81]
other reports have attributed the film's success to "[p]ositive word of
mouth and repeat viewership" due to the love story combined with the
ground-breaking special effects.
[80][82]
The film's impact on men has also been especially credited.
[79][83][84] Now considered one of the films that "
make men cry",
[83][84] MSNBC's
Ian Hodder stated that men admire Jack's sense of adventure, stowing
away on a steamship bound for America. "We cheer as he courts a girl who
was out of his league. We admire how he suggests nude modeling as an
excuse to get naked. So when [the tragic ending happens], an
uncontrollable flood of tears sinks our composure," he said.
[83] Titanic's ability to make men cry was briefly parodied in the 2009 film
Zombieland, where character Tallahassee (
Woody Harrelson), when recalling the death of his young son, states: "I haven't cried like that since
Titanic."
[85][86]
Also addressing the sentimentality of the film, Benjamin Willcock of
DVDActive.com said that, as a fourteen-year-old male, he had wanted to
see
Starship Troopers
instead, but was overruled by an uncle and friends. "Little did I know
that I would be seeing a film that would become the biggest, most
successful motion picture event of all time," he stated. "I was also
blissfully unaware that it would turn out to be so much more than 'some
epic love story'".
[79]
In 2010, the
BBC analyzed the stigma over men crying during
Titanic
and films in general. "Middle-aged men are not 'supposed' to cry during
movies," stated Finlo Rohrer of the website, citing the ending of
Titanic
as having generated such tears, adding that "men, if they have felt
weepy during [this film], have often tried to be surreptitious about
it." Professor Mary Beth Oliver, of
Penn State University,
stated, "For many men, there is a great deal of pressure to avoid
expression of 'female' emotions like sadness and fear. From a very young
age, males are taught that it is inappropriate to cry, and these
lessons are often accompanied by a great deal of ridicule when the
lessons aren't followed." She said, "Indeed, some men who might sneer at
the idea of crying during
Titanic will readily admit to becoming choked up during
Saving Private Ryan or
Platoon." For men in general, the idea of sacrifice for a "brother" is a more suitable source of emotion.
[84]
Titanic's catchphrase "I'm the king of the world!" became one of the film industry's more popular quotations.
[87][88] According to Richard Harris, a psychology professor at
Kansas State University,
who studied why people like to cite films in social situations, using
film quotations in everyday conversation is similar to telling a joke
and a way to form solidarity with others. "People are doing it to feel
good about themselves, to make others laugh, to make themselves laugh",
he said.
[88]
Cameron explained the film's success as having significantly
benefited from the experience of sharing. "When people have an
experience that's very powerful in the movie theatre, they want to go
share it. They want to grab their friend and bring them, so that they
can enjoy it," he said. "They want to be the person to bring them the
news that this is something worth having in their life. That's how
Titanic worked."
[89] Media Awareness Network stated, "The normal repeat viewing rate for a blockbuster theatrical film is about 5%. The repeat rate for
Titanic was over 20%."
[8]
The box office receipts "were even more impressive" when factoring in
"the film's 3 hour and 14 minute length meant that it could only be
shown three times a day compared to a normal movie's four showings". In
response to this, "[m]any theatres started midnight showings and were
rewarded with full houses until almost 3:30 am".
[8]
Titanic held the record for box office gross for twelve years.
[90] Cameron's most recent film,
Avatar, was considered the first film with a genuine chance at surpassing its worldwide gross,
[91][92] and did so in 2010.
[66] Various explanations for why the film was able to successfully challenge
Titanic were given. For one, "Two-thirds of
Titanic's haul was earned overseas, and
Avatar [tracked] similarly...
Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was no. 1 in all of them" and the markets "such as Russia, where
Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white-hot today" with "more screens and moviegoers" than ever before.
[93] Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, said that while
Avatar may beat
Titanic's revenue record, the film is unlikely to surpass
Titanic in attendance. "Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s."
[91] In December 2009, Cameron had stated, "I don't think it's realistic to try to topple
Titanic off its perch. Some pretty good movies have come out in the last few years.
Titanic just struck some kind of chord."
[80] In a January 2010 interview, he gave a different take on the matter once
Avatar's performance was easier to predict. "It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time," he said.
[92]
Critical reception
Titanic garnered mostly positive reviews from film critics. Review aggregate website
Rotten Tomatoes reports the film as holding an overall 87% "Certified Fresh" approval rating based on 166 reviews, with a
rating average
of 7.8 out of 10. The site's general consensus is that the film is "[a]
mostly unqualified triumph for Cameron, who offers a dizzying blend of
spectacular visuals and old-fashioned melodrama".
[82] At
Metacritic, which assigns a
weighted mean
rating out of 0–100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating
score of 74 based on 34 reviews, classified as a generally favorably
reviewed film.
[94]
With regard to the film's overall design,
Roger Ebert
stated, "It is flawlessly crafted, intelligently constructed, strongly
acted, and spellbinding... Movies like this are not merely difficult to
make at all, but almost impossible to make well." He credited the
"technical difficulties" with being "so daunting that it's a wonder when
the filmmakers are also able to bring the drama and history into
proportion" and "found [himself] convinced by both the story and the sad
saga".
[95] He named it as his ninth best film of 1997.
[96] On the television program
Siskel & Ebert,
the film received "two thumbs up" and was praised for its accuracy in
recreating the ship's sinking; Ebert described the film as "a glorious
Hollywood epic, well-crafted and well worth the wait" and
Gene Siskel found Leonardo DiCaprio "captivating".
[97] James Berardinelli stated, "Meticulous in detail, yet vast in scope and intent,
Titanic is the kind of epic motion picture event that has become a rarity. You don't just watch
Titanic, you experience it."
[98] It was named his second best film of 1997.
[99] Almar Haflidason of the
BBC
wrote that "[t]he sinking of the great ship is no secret, yet for many
exceeded expectations in sheer scale and tragedy" and that "when you
consider that [the film] tops a bum-numbing three-hour running time,
then you have a truly impressive feat of entertainment achieved by
Cameron".
[100] Joseph McBride of
Boxoffice Magazine concluded, "To describe
Titanic
as the greatest disaster movie ever made is to sell it short. James
Cameron's recreation of the 1912 sinking of the 'unsinkable' liner is
one of the most magnificent pieces of serious popular entertainment ever
to emanate from Hollywood."
[101]
The romantic and emotionally-charged aspects of the film were equally praised. Andrew L. Urban of
Urban Cinefile said, "You will walk out of
Titanic
not talking about budget or running time, but of its enormous emotive
power, big as the engines of the ship itself, determined as its giant
propellers to gouge into your heart, and as lasting as the love story
that propels it."
[102] Owen Gleiberman of
Entertainment Weekly
described the film as, "A lush and terrifying spectacle of romantic
doom. Writer-director James Cameron has restaged the defining
catastrophe of the early 20th century on a human scale of such purified
yearning and dread that he touches the deepest levels of popular
moviemaking."
[101] Janet Maslin of
The New York Times commented that "Cameron's magnificent
Titanic is the first spectacle in decades that honestly invites comparison to
Gone With the Wind."
[101] Richard Corliss of
Time magazine, on the other hand, wrote a mostly negative review, criticizing the lack of interesting emotional elements.
[103]
Some reviewers felt that the story and dialogue were weak, while the visuals were spectacular.
Kenneth Turan's review in the
Los Angeles Times
was particularly scathing. Dismissing the emotive elements, he stated,
"What really brings on the tears is Cameron's insistence that writing
this kind of movie is within his abilities. Not only is it not, it is
not even close.",
[104] and later claimed that the only reason that the film won Oscars was because of its box office total.
[105] Barbara Shulgasser of
The San Francisco Examiner gave
Titanic
one star out of four, citing a friend as saying, "The number of times
in this unbelievably badly-written script that the two [lead characters]
refer to each other by name was an indication of just how dramatically
the script lacked anything more interesting for the actors to say."
[106] Also, filmmaker
Robert Altman called it "the most dreadful piece of work I've ever seen in my entire life".
[107] In his 2012 study of the lives of the passengers on the
Titanic, historian
Richard Davenport-Hines
says "Cameron's film diabolized rich Americans and educated English,
anathematizing their emotional restraint, good tailoring, punctilious
manners and grammatical training, while it made romantic heroes of the
poor Irish and the unlettered".
[108]
Titanic suffered backlash in addition to its success. In 2003, the film topped a poll of "Best Film Endings",
[109] and yet it also topped a poll by
The Film programme as "the worst movie of all time".
[110] The British film magazine
Empire
reduced their rating of the film from the maximum five stars and an
enthusiastic review, to four stars with a less positive review in a
later edition, to accommodate its readers' tastes, who wanted to
disassociate themselves from the hype surrounding the film, and the
reported activities of its fans, such as those attending multiple
screenings.
[111]
In addition to this, positive and negative parodies and other such
spoofs of the film abounded and were circulated on the internet, often
inspiring passionate responses from fans of various opinions of the
film.
[112]
Benjamin Willcock of DVDActive.com did not understand the backlash or
the passionate hatred for the film. "What really irks me...," he said,
"are those who make nasty stabs at those who do love it." Willcock
stated, "I obviously don't have anything against those who dislike
Titanic,
but those few who make you feel small and pathetic for doing so (and
they do exist, trust me) are way beyond my understanding and sympathy."
[79]
Cameron responded to the backlash, and Kenneth Turan's review in particular. "
Titanic
is not a film that is sucking people in with flashy hype and spitting
them out onto the street feeling let down and ripped off," he stated.
"They are returning again and again to repeat an experience that is
taking a 3-hour and 14-minute chunk out of their lives, and dragging
others with them, so they can share the emotion." Cameron emphasized
people from all ages (ranging from 8 to 80) and from all backgrounds
were "celebrating their own essential humanity" by seeing it. He
described the script as earnest and straightforward, and said it
intentionally "incorporates universals of human experience and emotion
that are timeless – and familiar because they reflect our basic
emotional fabric" and that the film was able to succeed in this way by
dealing with
archetypes.
He did not see it as pandering. "Turan mistakes archetype for cliche,"
he said. "I don't share his view that the best scripts are only the ones
that explore the perimeter of human experience, or flashily pirouette
their witty and cynical dialogue for our admiration."
[113]
Empire eventually reinstated its original five star rating of
the film, commenting, "It should be no surprise then that it became
fashionable to bash James Cameron's
Titanic at approximately the same time it became clear that this was the planet's favourite film. Ever. Them's the facts."
[114]
Accolades
Titanic began its awards sweep starting with the
Golden Globes, winning four, namely
Best Motion Picture – Drama,
Best Director,
Best Original Score, and
Best Original Song.
[115] Kate Winslet and
Gloria Stuart were also nominees, but lost.
[116] It won the
ACE "Eddie" Award,
ASC Award,
Art Directors Guild Award,
Cinema Audio Society Awards,
Screen Actors Guild Award (Best Supporting Actress for Gloria Stuart), The
Directors Guild of America Award, and
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award (Best Director for James Cameron), and The
Producer Guild of America Award.
[117] It was also nominated for ten
BAFTA awards, including Best Film and Best Director; however, it failed to win any.
[117]
The film garnered fourteen
Academy Awards nominations, tying the record set in 1950 by
Joseph L. Mankiewicz's
All About Eve[118] and won eleven:
Best Picture,
Best Director,
Best Art Direction,
Best Cinematography,
Best Visual Effects,
Best Film Editing,
Best Costume Design,
Best Sound (
Gary Rydstrom,
Tom Johnson,
Gary Summers,
Mark Ulano),
Best Sound Effects Editing,
Best Original Dramatic Score,
Best Original Song.
[117][119]
Kate Winslet, Gloria Stuart and the make-up artists were the three
nominees that did not win. James Cameron's original screenplay and
Leonardo DiCaprio were not nominees.
[77] It was the second film to win eleven Academy Awards, after
Ben-Hur.
[117] The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King would also match this record in 2004, with its eleven wins from eleven nominations.
Titanic won the
1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as three
Grammy Awards for
Record of the Year,
Song of the Year, and
Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television.
[117][120]
The film's soundtrack became the best-selling primarily orchestral
soundtrack of all time, and became a worldwide success, spending sixteen
weeks at number-one in the United States, and was certified diamond for
over eleven million copies sold in the United States alone.
[121] The soundtrack also became the best-selling album of 1998 in the U.S.
[122] "
My Heart Will Go On" won the
Grammy Awards
for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for
Television. The film also won Best Male Performance for Leonardo
DiCaprio and Best Movie at the
MTV Movie Awards, Best Film at the
People's Choice Awards, and Favorite Movie at the
1998 Kids' Choice Awards.
[117] It won various awards outside the United States, including the
Awards of the Japanese Academy as the Best Foreign Film of the Year.
[117] Titanic
eventually won nearly ninety awards and had an additional forty-seven
nominations from various award-giving bodies around the world.
[117] Additionally, the book about the making of the film was at the top of
The New York Times' bestseller list for several weeks, "the first time that such a tie-in book had achieved this status".
[8]
Since its release,
Titanic has appeared on the
American Film Institute's award-winning
100 Years… series. So far, it has ranked on the following six lists:
| AFI's 100 Years...100 |
Rank |
Source |
Notes |
| Thrills |
25 |
[123] |
A list of the top 100 thrilling films in American cinema, compiled in 2001. |
| Passions |
37 |
[124] |
A list of the top 100 love stories in American cinema, compiled in 2002. |
| Songs |
14 |
[125] |
A list of the top 100 songs in American cinema, compiled in 2004. Titanic ranked 14th for Céline Dion's "My Heart Will Go On". |
| Movie quotes |
100 |
[87] |
A list of the top 100 film quotations in American cinema, compiled in 2005. Titanic ranked 100th for Jack Dawson's yell of "I'm the king of the world!" |
| Movies |
83 |
[126] |
A 2007 (10th anniversary) edition of 1997's list of the 100 best films of the past century. Titanic was not eligible when the original list was released. |
| AFI's 10 Top 10 |
6 |
[127] |
The 2008 poll consisted of the top ten films in ten different genres. Titanic ranked as the sixth best epic film. |
Home media
Titanic was released worldwide in
widescreen and
pan and scan formats on VHS and
laserdisc on September 1, 1998.
[128]
The VHS was also made available in a deluxe boxed gift set with a
mounted filmstrip and six lithograph prints from the movie. A DVD
version was released on August 31, 1999 in a widescreen-only (non-
anamorphic) single-disc edition with no special features other than a
theatrical trailer.
Cameron stated at the time that he intended to release a special
edition with extra features later. This release became the best-selling
DVD of 1999 and early 2000, becoming the first DVD ever to sell one
million copies.
[129] At the time, fewer than 5% of all U.S. homes had a DVD player. "When we released the original
Titanic
DVD, the industry was much smaller, and bonus features were not the
standard they are now," said Meagan Burrows, Paramount's president of
domestic home entertainment, which made the film's DVD performance even
more impressive.
[129]
Titanic was re-released to DVD on October 25, 2005 when a three-disc
Special Collector's Edition
was made available in the United States and Canada. This edition
contained a newly restored transfer of the film, as well as various
special features.
[130] An international two and four-disc set followed on November 7, 2005.
[129][131] The two-disc edition was marketed as the
Special Edition, and featured the first two discs of the three-disc set, only
PAL-enabled. A four-disc edition, marketed as the
Deluxe Collector's Edition, was also released on November 7, 2005.
[131]
Also, available only in the United Kingdom, a limited 5-disc set of the film, under the title
Deluxe Limited Edition, was released with only 10,000 copies manufactured. The fifth disc contains Cameron's documentary
Ghosts of the Abyss, which was distributed by
Walt Disney Pictures. Unlike the individual release of
Ghosts of the Abyss, which contained two discs, only the first disc was included in the set.
[79]
As regards to television broadcasts, the film airs occasionally across the United States on networks such as
TNT.
[132]
To permit the scene where Jack draws the nude portrait of Rose to be
shown on network and specialty cable channels, in addition to minor
cuts, the sheer, see-through robe worn by Winslet was digitally painted
black.
Turner Classic Movies also began to show the film, specifically during the days leading up to the
82nd Academy Awards.
[133]
3D conversion
Theatrical poster for 3D re-release
A 2012 re-release, also known as
Titanic in 3D,[134] was created by
re-mastering the original to
4K resolution and
post-converting to
stereoscopic 3D format. The
Titanic 3D version took 60 weeks and $18 million to produce, including the 4K restoration.
[135] The 3D conversion was preformed by Stereo D
[136] and Sony with Slam Content's Panther Records remastering the soundtrack.
[137] Digital 2D and in 2D
IMAX versions were also struck from the new
4K master created in the process.
[138]
For the 3D release, Cameron opened up the Super 35 film and expanded
the image of the film into a new aspect ratio, from 2:35:1 to 1:78:1,
allowing the viewer to see more image on the top and bottom of the
screen.
[139]
The only scene entirely redone for the re-release was Rose's view of
the night sky at sea, on the morning of April 15, 1912. The scene was
replaced with an accurate view of the night-sky star pattern, including
the
Milky Way, adjusted for the location in the North Atlantic Ocean in April 1912. The change was prompted by
astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson,
who had criticized the scene for showing an unrealistic star pattern.
He agreed to send film director Cameron a corrected view of the sky,
which was the basis of the new scene.
[140]
An accurate view of the
Milky Way at night was used to replace Rose's view of the night sky at sea, such as in this photo from
Paranal Observatory. The view was adjusted to match the North Atlantic at 4:20 am on April 15, 1912.
The 3D version of
Titanic premiered at the
Royal Albert Hall in London on March 27, 2012, with
James Cameron and
Kate Winslet in attendance,
[141] and entered general release on April 4, 2012, six days shy of the centenary of
RMS Titanic embarking on her maiden voyage.
[142][143][144]
Rolling Stone film critic
Peter Travers rated the reissue 3.5 stars out of 4 explaining he found it "pretty damn dazzling". He said, "The 3D intensifies
Titanic. You are there. Caught up like never before in an intimate epic that earns its place in the movie time capsule."
[145] Writing for
Entertainment Weekly,
Owen Gleiberman
gave the film an A grade. He wrote, "For once, the visuals in a 3-D
movie don't look darkened or distracting. They look sensationally crisp
and alive."
[146] However,
Richard Corliss of
Time
who was very critical in 1997 remained in the same mood, "I had pretty
much the same reaction: fitfully awed, mostly water-logged." In regards
to the 3D effects, he noted the "careful conversion to 3D lends volume
and impact to certain moments ... [but] in separating the foreground and
background of each scene, the converters have carved the visual field
into discrete, not organic, levels."
[147] Ann Hornaday for
The Washington Post
found herself asking "whether the film's twin values of humanism and
spectacle are enhanced by Cameron's 3-D conversion, and the answer to
that is: They aren't." She further added that the "3-D conversion
creates distance where there should be intimacy, not to mention odd
moments in framing and composition."
[148]
The film grossed an estimated $4.7 million on the first day of its
re-release in North America (including midnight preview showings) and
went on to make $17.3 million over the weekend, finishing in third
place.
[149][150] Outside of North America it earned $35.2 million finishing second,
[151] and improved on its performance the following weekend by topping the box office with $98.9 million.
[152] China has proven to be its most successful territory where it earned $11.6 million on its opening day,
[153]
going on to earn a record-breaking $67 million in its opening week and
taking more money in the process than it did in the entirety of its
original theatrical run.
[152]
The reissue earned $57.8 million in North America and $285.6 million
from other territories (with over $100 million coming from China alone),
for a worldwide total of $343.4 million.
[154]
References
